Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs, but it can also spread to other parts of the body such as the brain, kidneys, spine, and lymph nodes. TB spreads from one person to another through tiny droplets released into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. It is one of the leading infectious diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries where overcrowding, poor nutrition, and limited access to healthcare increase the risk of transmission.
There are two forms of tuberculosis: latent TB infection and active TB disease. In latent TB, the bacteria remain inactive in the body and cause no symptoms, meaning the person is not contagious. However, if the immune system becomes weak, the infection can develop into active TB. Active tuberculosis causes noticeable symptoms and can easily spread to others if left untreated.
People with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, malnutrition, or chronic kidney disease, are at greater risk of developing active TB. Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption also increase the likelihood of infection and disease progression.
Tuberculosis is diagnosed using chest X-rays, sputum tests, blood tests, and skin tests. Early diagnosis is extremely important because untreated TB can cause permanent lung damage and spread to other organs. Fortunately, TB is a curable disease when treated with the correct combination of antibiotics. Patients must complete the full course of treatment, which usually lasts six to nine months, to completely eliminate the bacteria and prevent drug-resistant tuberculosis. Public awareness, vaccination, early detection, and proper treatment play a vital role in controlling the spread of this disease.
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. Close and prolonged contact with someone who has active TB significantly increases the risk of infection. Factors that increase susceptibility include a weakened immune system, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, malnutrition, smoking, alcohol abuse, overcrowded living conditions, poor ventilation, and limited access to healthcare services. Although anyone can become infected, people with reduced immunity are much more likely to develop active tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis can be prevented through early diagnosis, prompt treatment of infected individuals, and reducing exposure to the bacteria. The BCG vaccine provides protection against severe forms of TB, especially in children. Maintaining good ventilation in homes and workplaces, covering the mouth while coughing or sneezing, wearing masks in high-risk settings, avoiding close contact with individuals who have untreated active TB, and strengthening the immune system through proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle all help reduce the risk of infection. Regular screening is recommended for people who are at high risk of exposure or have weakened immune systems.